secret notes: Japanese microphones
"On behalf of the Cuban State Security"
Director Wilfried Huisman on the murder of John F. Kennedy.
Chair: Hans-Joachim Wiese.
According to director Wilfried Huismann the Cuban foreign intelligence for the death of John F. Kennedy is responsible. In his film, "Rendezvous with Death", which runs on Friday evening in the ARD, it leads through interviews with former officers of the Cuban State Security proved that the murderer of Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, was on the payroll of the Cubans.
http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/interview_dlf/454513/
Tuesday, February 16, 2010
Friday, February 5, 2010
Scorpions Shake When Fighting
On behalf of the Cuban State Security, the Stasi and their secret
Horch and Look
Issue 33/2001
Monika Tantzschner
The Stasi and their secret brethren
The international intelligence cooperation between the Stasi
The former socialist community was held together by "fraternal parties", "fraternal armies" and "brother organs." As the latter cooperated with each other and for what purposes, would still be many years largely in the dark, it would not have the unique event in history where the opening of the archives of a secret service immediately after its resolution. The reconstruction of the structures and functioning of the State Security Service of the GDR by its archives, however, is a laborious Process, many files, including all sub-stocks were destroyed, others fell to the usual practice for the victims of Cassation. Particularly thorough was run in the final phase of the Stasi or the Office for National Security (AfNS) the elimination of files and working papers on international intelligence cooperation. The head of the management center of the Stasi to coordinate the cooperation of the Ministry for State Security Service units with other security services, Willi dam, had the earlier arrangements made of the Stasi and the redefinition of AfNS of Cassation also destroy archived file footage of his department X on the ground that it contained incriminating information about the "brother organs" 1 Based on the remaining file inventory to below the structure and tasks of this department X and proposes a conception of rules and characteristics of the cooperation of the Stasi with the secret services of the former Eastern Bloc countries and with the security services of other countries and so-called liberation movements are taught with a socialist orientation.
The establishment of the International Liaison Department of the Stasi
on the College's meeting of the State Secretariat for State Security (SfS) on 9 November 1955 proposed General Lieutenant Mielke in major structural changes and staff redeployment - probably in connection with an on 24 November completed Transformation of the State Secretariat for State Security Ministry of State Security - before, the work areas and exit, people's democratic countries and working extract of third countries for the Department II, responsible for counterintelligence, protection of the East German diplomatic missions, maintenance of operational groups, etc. in foreign countries. 2 On 1
Through the integration process within the socialist camp and the gradual opening to the West in the 70s grew the importance of the department. In 1971 the "Comprehensive Program for the further deepening and improvement of cooperation and development of socialist integration of member countries of the CMEA was decided." This resulted in the Stasi to strengthen the security of the national economy and of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Department responsible XVIII - technical in response to the increased exchange of scientists, Personnel and other personnel - for the establishment of staff of the security services in the member countries.
In January 1972 the passport and introduced visa-free travel to and from Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the same year made 12.4 million East German citizens and 11.2 million people from Czechoslovakia and Poland from the use of travel facilities. Thousands of Polish citizens were based on an intergovernmental agreement as guest workers in the GDR. Thus in the Stasi, in cooperation with the Ministries of Home Affairs of the People's Republic of Poland and Czechoslovakia, where the security agencies were affiliated with peripheral functions of the "politically-operative security" of the Border traffic as well as the residence of citizens in the countries connected. This mainly concerned the opportunity to contact members of Western states and Western diplomatic missions, but also with opposition parties in the other Eastern Bloc countries.
developed for a further emphasis to the prevention of "Republic of flight" on the western borders of Hungary, Czechoslovakia and on Bulgarien5 what 1976 on establishing a Central Coordination Group (CCT) in the Ministry and the Bezirkskoordinierungsgruppen6 and to expand the Stasi operative groups in the other Eastern Bloc countries led.
in the framework of detente contracts as the four-sided Agreement on West Berlin from 03.09.1971, the agreement on the transit of civilian persons and goods between the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin from 17.12.1971 and the agreement on the facilitation and improvement of the travel and visitor traffic to West Berlin from 20.12 .1971 applied for the Stasi ever-increasing responsibilities.
as 1970 was from the formed then in the Stasi headquarters established working group backup of Tourism, the Department of passport control / customs department and the Department of Travel / Tourism, the Department VI (RA VI) with corresponding departments at district level, which has become one of the largest operating units of the Ministry for State Security Service to develop sollte.7 other Eastern bloc countries, it played during the counter-intelligence (HA II) and the Foreign Intelligence (HV A) a major role.
any future steps towards normalization of relations between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany and in 1972 completed the Basic Treaty, which included the recognition of the UN human rights declarations, created for the Stasi new fields. With the international recognition but also the improved working conditions, as the East German diplomatic missions could be used around the world as a legally covered Residentur the Stasi. In the Helsinki Final Act of Helsinki in 1975 also committed the Eastern Bloc countries to respect the fundamental human rights, to the now called a growing opposition movement in these countries. To meet the new challenges to have the cooperation of the Eastern security services has been reinforced. Of these, the memoranda of the Stasi testify with the security services of the Soviet Union (1973), Poland (1974), Bulgaria (1974), Czechoslovakia (1977) and Hungary (1981) and numerous agreements Fachbereichsebene.8
structure and remit of the Department X
The function of the Department of X set was as coordinator intelligence cooperation in various memoranda and other documents concerning the rules of cooperation of the Stasi with the security services of other countries. It was for - in addition to the Central Intelligence (HV A) - the lead in the preparation of annual work plans of the service, consultations and other meetings that have been designed with the cooperation partners. Accordingly, the confirmed she had plans to provide for the preparation and conduct of meetings in conjunction with the participating service units of the Ministry. Planning and preparation for work at ministerial level or at the level of deputy ministers and multi-national consultations took place involved in cooperation with the Central Evaluation and Information Group of the Ministry for State Security (ZAIG) and other service units.
Unit 1 for international calls had the friend from foreign security services to the Stasi-related inquiries, requests, Orders, information and edit information, etc.. It had to ensure coordination and coordinating the interaction between service units of the Stasi with other security agencies in the preparation and holding of consultations, meetings and operational joint operations. Some departments such as the HA II (counterintelligence), HA IX (research institutions) and the Department N (news) had their own departments for Interantional compounds that have been supported by the geographical desks of Unit 1 of the X Division. Direct labor relations were also among the most important central storage of the Stasi, where the security services requested by the other reviews were made to people and situations.
Unit 2 was responsible for operational storage management and evaluation. In conjunction with the ZAIG and other concerned units, it had to provide service under the Data Network SOUD for the information flow to and from the security organs of the party and the pooling of interested service units. Other tasks were the archiving of materials and topics, registration and the provision of information in memory.
Unit 3 had to do next said mediatorial work for the units 1 and 4 (protocol tasks) translation services at the executive level of the Ministry. The employees were at work as interpreters meeting operational and operational and technical service units, at conferences, in court, in support of delegations, working visits abroad, etc. used in the tourist exchange.
Among the ongoing translation of written texts including official information material, the X Division received for example from the interior ministries of other Eastern bloc countries and then forwarded to the appropriate departments and the management of the MFS. To translate information materials also were political - such as knowledge of the Enlightenment - in the framework of bilateral agreements were replaced with other intelligence agencies. Sun supplied the security services of the partner countries regularly with the Stasi assessments on domestic and foreign policy issues and military activities in neighboring regions or countries. Cuba reported, for example, about the countries of Central and South America and the United States, Mongolia, China, etc. In addition to the translation of information and the evaluation of foreign-language newspapers and magazines had the paper forwarded by the geographical desks foreign-language copies of letters to obtain "operationally significant findings" 11, information and control to look for other security services to translate messages, etc..
Employees for protocol duties of Unit 4 were for the organizational and technical planning, preparation and implementation of actions and events under the cooperation of the Stasi with the other security services in charge. Specifically, this included the preparation and implementation of working visits at the central level and the support of other service units of the Stasi in the preparation and reception of work groups or individual representatives of the other security organs at the department level. This included, the protocol functions at events in the management area, in connection with public and social "highlights" as well as personal anniversaries senior member of the friendly security organs. In their Competence were also the preparation and implementation of foreign missions and vacations for delegations and individual visitors and the organization of training and capacity building for members of allied security services. The unit also had the financial standards for the stay of delegations to the Stasi, and vice versa, the Stasi security services and work out with friends to take care of the material and technical aspects of the foreign-operative groups in the territory of the GDR.
Division X was indeed the overall responsibility for all processes of cooperation with other security services, their coordination extended but only partially the ongoing operational work of individual departments. Thus, the X Division in cooperation of the companies of other countries Stasi operative groups with local security services had not inserted when it came to routine activities such as audits in operating stores or in work and action plans agreed actions. The coordination of activities between the Stasi operative groups ran in the other Eastern Bloc countries and the operational service units of the Stasi in East Germany - for example when processing "operating instructions" for East German citizens - not the department X, but on the operational groups Department responsible for counterintelligence II. The introduction of certain measures with the other security agencies such as the use of operational and technical resources, observations, investigations, arrests, specific Vorkommnisuntersuchungen however, had to be carried on the X Division.
In the Central Intelligence (HV A) authorized security officers took the coordinating role in the ongoing operational work. The X Division was involved when it came to matters of principle, to organizational and technical coordination between the Ministry for State Security and other intelligence agencies and the planning and implementation of consultative meeting. Also took over the X Division organizational tasks of mission, they arranged the transfer of information HV A service to other units of the Ministry for State Security or Stasi operating abroad supplied the service units with necessary information.
Outside the Stasi used the department X work contacts, especially the Ministry of National Defense (here especially management education, management, International Relations, Legal Department and border troops), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (HA Consular Affairs, HA laws and contracts), for Ministry of Home Affairs (Foreign Relations) to the Ministry of Transportation, the Customs Service of the GDR, the Ministry of Justice (Department of International Relations) and the Ministry of Education.
to Special role of the Soviet Union in the intelligence cooperation
The intensive integration of the Stasi and the Soviet secret service had many causes and was in the interests of both sides. Due to the geopolitical situation and the specifically German-German combination, the language requirements and various contact information, was the East German secret service, particularly the HV A and the military intelligence service or the GRU (VA) in the East German Ministry of Defense, the Soviet security service the most important cooperative partner in international espionage and in carrying out operational activities in Western countries.
Soviet liaison officers, the for intelligence cooperation with the Ministry for State Security and the Ministry of the Interior (MdI) of the GDR were responsible for their coordination work performed regardless of the X Division of the Ministry. About a liaison officer but was a continuous cycle of contact with the department X. There were also representatives of the Soviet Militärabwehr.12
The group of Soviet liaison officers was in 1958 as agreed from 32 members: the director, his deputy, 15 liaison officers for the districts, 4 officers for education, 2 for examination and 9 for defense services. Besides working with the Stasi called five Soviet Konsultanten.13 The main tasks of the cooperation Additional Protocol to the agreement include: the development of "joint measures to detect and prevent the plans and intentions opponent of which are directed against the GDR and the USSR", the cooperation of the education institutions in the surgical treatment of the "most important objects in West Germany and other capitalist countries ", the" exchange of political, economic, military and technical-scientific information "about these countries," joint action to exercise a favorable for the socialist camp's influence in the Federal Republic, to the compromise of individual especially active and dangerous persons who the enemy Activities against the USSR and East lead "and the" joint processing of GDR citizens of a hostile activities are suspicious, "and the" implementation of active measures against hostile intelligence services and anti-Soviet emigre organizations in West Germany and West Berlin was "14 Included in the agreement and the support of the Soviet military defense of the Western Group of Soviet armed forces (GSSD) in Germany.
Where the Treaty of 1959 mentioned tasks are found mainly in the "Agreement on Cooperation between the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics "from 06.12.1973, signed by Mielke and the then chairman of the KFS, Yuri Andropov, wieder.15
Both documents will be emphasized in the preamble that cooperation in accordance with decisions of the CPSU Central Committee and the SED is, however, is new in 1973 supposedly peace-making role of the two intelligence agencies on the European continent. Indeed, Article II as well as the urgent task of the common foreign espionage is "a direct preparation for the opponent to military aggression against the countries of the socialist community in time and discover the possible use of new types of weapons be seen by the enemy. "
In the" Protocol on the treatment of the interaction between the Ministry of State Security of the GDR and the representation of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR Ministry of State Security, East Germany from the year 197 616, the responsibility of the partners - cooperation at management level right through liaison officers or heads of service units - modified.
-employed were contacts with all major operating units of service in the Ministry and the district administrations. In the solution of education and defense tasks in the west, in the treatment of employees of the Military Liaison Missions the USA, Britain and France, which were accredited to the headquarters of the Western Group of Soviet armed forces, and in the implementation of defensive measures to protect the Soviet military units could also be used East German citizens.
partners in the field of military intelligence and defense were in addition to the HV A and HA I (especially the acting at the army border troops' operational groups enlightenment "), the HA II, which include a man originally from the 1986" perspective plan of work for the cooperation to manage the departments of the USSR in the Kfs GSSD with the Department II of the East German Stasi in the fight against military espionage "17 testimony.
As another example of such cooperation agreements at line level, which defined the subject-specific cooperation and priority receive assignments for a specified period - usually between 1-5 years - named have had at this point probably the final perspective plan of the Department of XX and the V. Administration of KfS18 mentioned, divided into areas »Processing subversive and other surgically important ideological centers and organizations of the enemy, and certain anti-socialist elements in the operational area" 19, "Combating the political-ideological diversion of the enemy" by taking advantage of clerical organizations, " fight internal enemy forces "and" political-operative work on defense with important international events and organizations. " To what extent particular
further pursued by the Soviet secret service in the face of the incipient reform movement at that time under Gorbachev made the priority tasks on the ideological front, remains subject to future research. That the cooperation "of both" Brother organs irreversibly until the dissolution of the Stasi / AfNS ran on, occupies one found on an additional protocol to the Comprehensive Agreement between the Stasi and KFS from 27.10.1989, the result of discussions between Lieutenant General Schwanitz, the Deputy Minister and later Head of AfNS, and Colonel General Jechomow entstand.20 The preamble is rated "the level reached in the long term, all-round cooperation and firm" high and named the "new demands on the further expansion and deepening of cooperation." Still seemed the alliance, which should still exist only a few weeks, created for eternity.
special case
Romania Romania playing in the intelligence cooperation between the Warsaw Pact countries an outsider. As the only Eastern bloc country Romania not allowed use of Stasi-operative groups on its territory. The cooperation between the two security services should be in 1971 in a first be sanctioned for 6 years temporary agreement. The minutes of the contractors involved the cooperation between the Ministry for State Security and the Council of State Security of SRR on the lines, external and internal intelligence, defense, technology and operational executives and Ausbildung.21 An effective date of the agreement may yet be detected. Also found no direct cooperation between the investigative bodies of the security services - such as border violators from East Germany who were trying to Romania and Yugoslavia to reach the West - takes place. Results of the HV A spy was channeled through a legally covered Residentur in Bucharest on the X Division. For more information about and from Romania The Stasi was the X Division of the Department of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR from the field of outbound tourism from the HA VI of the Stasi and various other unofficial sources.
the Stasi as a "development workers"
In the communist-oriented countries in the developing world has the Stasi distinguished himself on the side of the Soviet leadership power primarily as a "development workers". In these countries it was less about intelligence cooperation and more about building or upgrading of safety and security agencies to strengthen the pro-Communist rule.
International support services of the Stasi penetrated to the 50 Zurück.22 years after the revolution in Cuba and the signing of a mutual assistance pact with the Soviet Union on 13 Mielke posted in February 1960, the first HV-A officers to Havanna.23 support pro-Communist movements in Latin America went off the Stasi in the mid 60s in Nicaragua continues, where in after the Sandinistas took power in July 1979, 60-80 Stasi officers Managua have been stationed sollen.24
to focus on the commitment of the Ministry for State Security in the Third World, however, developed the African continent where for the first time a non-socialist country, on 12 January 1964 proclaimed the People's Republic of Zanzibar, the GDR diplomatically recognized and explained this with a series of requests for assistance verband.25 1971, the Chief the foreign spy, Markus Wolf, on a leadership seminar that with the growing international authority of the GDR and the expansion of international relations and the obligations to help the revolutionary forces zunähmen.26 Cooperation with the Soviet security service in this area was part of the basic agreement between the MFS and KFS in 1973, which simply stated in Article V: "Both sides will work together over the question of providing assistance to the national security forces of friendly developing countries closely and coordinate their actions," 27 The dominant role of the Soviet Committee for State Security. need not here be emphasized. The order was later included in Directive No. 2 / 79 of the HV A integriert.28 The deployment of consultants, trainers, and operational and technical specialists to "help in building and strengthening of protection and security organs of young progressive nation-state was" in the Instructions No. 2 / 80 of the HV A geregelt.29
Until 1979 the GDR had completed 52 intergovernmental agreements and treaties with developing countries, including long-term agreements on friendship and cooperation with Angola, Mocambik, Ethiopia and Yemen. Over 900 experts from the GDR at this stage were deployed there. Erich Honecker traveled at the head of party and state delegation in the same year, Libya, Angola, Zambia, Mocambik, Ethiopia, Yemen and met with representatives of the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) of Namibia, the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe and the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa zusammen.30 The Stasi had "next to his duties as" aid workers and for the safety of the people from East Germany and the safeguarding of the production make the major projects that are built with the support of the GDR in some African countries sollten.31
from the Stasi files is also including the cooperative action of other members of the socialist community in supporting and build the security forces in the Third World apparent. In addition to the KFS joined the Cuban intelligence minint, though even a developing country belonging to and dependent on material and technical support - also on the part of the Stasi - as activists, in particular on the African continent in Erscheinung.32 However, should the commitment of the other allies of the Soviet bloc rather have been modest.
Included in various relief efforts in the developing countries - so build the police and the military hierarchy - were also the Ministry of National Defence (MfNV) and the Ministry of Interior of the GDR (MDI), where the Stasi took often the role of coordinator. Between 1966 and 1989 can
be detected so far support the Stasi or industrial relations with the security organs of Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, South Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Congo, Ethiopia, Mocambik, Zambia, Tanzania, Angola, Nicaragua, Grenada and Cape Verde. This will include clear from a statement of the Finance Department, the expenditure for the GDR's State Security Service implemented "solidarity and support 1966-1984 with a total estimated over 248 million marks of the GDR and 430 500 Currency Mark werden.33 Our primary concern here South Yemen with around 94 million dollars, followed by Vietnam with 48 million and Tanzania with over 22 million. Also listed the "Palestinian liberation movements, which have been awarded more than 8 million East German marks.
Among the preferred liberation movements besides the Rhodesian ZAPU, the South West African People's Organisation of Namibia (SWAPO) and the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), which maintained since 1978 in East Berlin as official representatives and the Solidarity Committee of the GDR accredited waren.34 your support from the Stasi was primarily the training of leadership cadres of the security services, in military training and arms supplies.
In so-called annual and biennial protocols established the specific projects. It was as a rule to build and the instructions of the security services through the deployment of Stasi consultants and specialists, to conduct consultations and training courses and material supplies. Part of this work schedules were besides the exchange of political and operational information and the conditions for the stationing of representatives and operational groups. However, these compounds also used the Stasi order to create such as in neighboring regions with the help of the new collaborative partner espionage bases.
took part in operational activities of the friendly security forces are not the Stasi consultants and specialists in the rule.
An annual review of the central administration of education cooperation and support of the security organs of developing countries from 1985 mentions visits of the Minister of Safety of Mocambik and the head of the PLO security Mielke, and the reception of representatives of the security services of Mocambik, Angola, Yemen, Ethiopia, and by members of the security apparatus the PLO, the ANC and SWAPO by employees of the MfS.35 addition to the regular activities of the Stasi-operative groups and liaison officers in Mocambik, Yemen, Ethiopia, Angola and Tanzania are in the balance sheet, a number of extraordinary political, operational, military and technical courses for the charges of the Stasi and the long-term Training at civilian colleges and universities listed in the GDR. The department was responsible
X together with the service units involved in the relief of both MFS and other partners to draw up the plans for material and technical support for these security services and for organizational implementation. The primary responsibility for the coordination of cooperation, including consultations and courses, however, was in the Residentur in Western countries (except USA and West Germany) competent Division III of the HV A.
relations of the Stasi to the intelligence agencies of other states
An "official" collaboration with the security services were Western states it simply in terms of security measures for state visits or visits at the highest level. A contractual basis did not exist here.
Even with Yugoslavia was no regular intelligence cooperation. Like standing in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria in relation to Yugoslavia the problem of "escape from the Republic" and the "trafficking" for the GDR in the foreground. Since Yugoslavia was tied to the UN Refugee Convention, neither refugees nor smugglers were prosecuted, so that failed in this area of cooperation.
The Stasi agents overseas
The Stasi possessed in a number of Developing countries and in other Eastern Bloc countries - with the exception of Romania - have their own service units and operational groups (OG), which acted on the basis of intergovernmental agreements and were used according to their respective line or department level. In addition, were in the East German diplomatic missions full-time employees of the Stasi as so-called officers on special assignment (OibE) working with diplomatic status. These were the professional staff Security Officer (HSB) of the messages were part of the staff of the line I (counterintelligence), and the officers for security and control (OSK), mostly employees of the HV A. The latter sat as OibE in the East German embassies Romania, Albania and Cuba.
to developing countries where the Stasi operative groups were maintained, South Yemen, Ethiopia and Mocambik.
Instead of operative groups coordinated in some countries, officers of the Stasi connection with the status of an employee of the diplomatic representation of the GDR, the Stasi and the cooperation between the respective security services and were available for consultations and consultations. This was, for example, for Tanzania, Egypt, Angola, Cuba, Vietnam and Nicaragua. These liaison officers sometimes acted simultaneously as a full-time Security Officer of the Embassy.
had Unlike in the Soviet bloc, the Stasi-operative groups in the Developing countries primarily advisory and support functions at the local security services. Among them were the establishment of the security forces and the ongoing political-operative work.
The control and the protection of East German citizens in these countries, particularly in crisis areas, were also part of the task areas of activities of Stasi-operative groups in cooperation with local security forces. Here were also members of the National People's Army (NVA) of the GDR used.
The Stasi operative groups in the Eastern bloc countries were mainly through foreign employees of the Central Intelligence (HV A) and the lines II (counter-intelligence, control Messages, security of East German diplomatic missions, homeland security in the Ministry, together with the security organs of the host country, etc.), VI (passport control search operations at border crossings, security and international tourism and in particular the prevention of "Republic of flight") and XVIII (ensuring the economy and Comecon) represented. was
operative groups in the USSR in Moscow (headquarters), Leningrad and Kiev, (from the mid 80's headquarters) in the People's Republic of Hungary in Budapest (headquarters), Siófok, Balatonfüred and Kestenely, the People's Republic of Bulgaria in Sofia, Varna ( previously headquarters) and Burgas, in Poland in Warsaw (head office), Gdansk, Szeczin, Wroclaw and Katowice and in Czechoslovakia in Prague (Head Office), Bratislava and Karlovy Vary.
These service units operated on the basis of instructions and directives of the Minister, his deputies, heads of delegating service units and the Head of Department X. At regularly scheduled consultations, the current problems were fixed. They included mainly:
- the defensive work of the embassies (check the contacts of the conductor and the Embassy staff, monitoring of the recreational areas of secret sources, ensuring the protection of state and official secrets, control of foreign workers);
- the defending regular backup all other diplomatic missions in the GDR and cooperation with diplomatic missions and information gathering and ensuring operational measures (see, for example, were also carriers and correspondent offices);
- the instructions of the unofficial employee by enforcement officers;
- discharges operating control of persons (OPK) and operating procedures ( OV in) adequate notice;
- the determination of priority areas and operational priorities;
- the production of "sources" and the expansion of operational contacts in key areas of society;
- cooperation with the security of the country;
- the coordination of cooperation and coordination between the different lines of the Stasi;
- the material and technical and operational and technical guarantee.
The "political-operative competence" of the operative groups covered in the rest of all East Germans who stayed in the country.
The cooperation with the security services of the country was generally on the International Relations Department, or directly to the department level. For some measures, was the "headquarters" of the Stasi in Berlin on. Working principles were in addition to bilateral memoranda of understanding and protocols on the official regulations of the operative group and each of the confirmed plan of cooperation.
It is apparent from an "overview of the activities in the operative group Moscow Stasi employees" of 26 February 1986 that, the local Stasi Residentur with about 30 employees since 1954 existierte.36 This overview is also clear that, in addition the lead line II, the HVA and the lines XVIII and I (the control in the Soviet Union long used NVA members) with a permanent staff represented.
Because "the focus of the activities of the Stasi in countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia on the prevention of" Republic of flight, the safety of the travel and tourism in the GDR and securing the international cadre of travel agencies was, was there the HA VI, the most important lead line.
The Stasi service units in the other Eastern Bloc countries contributed a network of unofficial employees, which is recruited mainly from long-term or frequently abroad since end of East German citizens or East German citizens who had their permanent residence there. In coordination with the Department of X were also citizens of the host country to be recruited as an unofficial employee. Similarly, a temporary transfer of the unofficial sources to the other security organs was possible. The arrangements were covered by a contract between the countries.
The other security services maintained their operational groups abroad. most represented in the GDR were in the 80 years the People's Republic of Poland with five to seven full-time staff and up to four specialists in military defense. The operational group of Czechoslovakia in Berlin in this period included four to six permanent employees, Hungary had 2:00 to 5:00 and Bulgaria three or four full-time employees.
there were the operative groups of North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and Cuba. Their activity was in accordance with previous findings, particularly in ensuring the security and control of their diplomatic missions and their citizens, who were in the GDR.
conclusion from the above said, the networking the formerly allied intelligence agencies clearly far beyond the borders of the Eastern community beyond. The Stasi was - not least because of the existential dependency of the GDR by the Soviet leadership of power and the other Eastern Bloc countries - one of the strongest links in this community "secret brothers."
Division X of the Stasi, the 1989 has 46 full-time employees, was one of the intersections of international Zusammenarbeit.37 your service function that was highlighted here a little closer, but gives an idea of the working principles and the problems in the cooperation of allied security services not, however, from practical implementation. This was the operational service units of the Stasi - primarily in the areas of foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and surveillance of cross-border tourism - responsible.
three major complexes are emerging in the cooperation: First, the foreign espionage in the Western alliance system, focusing on military intelligence and execution of "active measures" to political influence - in this case there was a particularly close cooperation between the Stasi and Soviet intelligence. Second, the intelligence co-operation within our own system of alliances to consolidate the power relations that Surveillance of citizens and Western diplomatic missions. And third, the expansion of spheres of influence of the former Eastern Bloc countries in the Third World.
The exploration of this large complex issues - from the perspective of the Allies - is still pending.
1 See Section XII / archives: "Aktennotz to talk with Comrade Eysold, liaison officer of the department X of the ANS Division XII" of 30/11/1989, Stasi, Central Archives (henceforth ZA), Department XII 167 Bl 1st
2 »Protocol on 9 21st November 1955 carried out College meeting of 11 November 1955 "; BStU, ZA, Secretariat of the Minister (Henceforth SDM) 1550, f. 100 ff
3 See George Bailey / Sergei A. Kondraschow / David E. Murphy: The Invisible Front. The war of intelligence services in a divided Berlin, Berlin 1997, p. 379ff.
4 See Order No. 87/56 of the Ministry of State Security of 01/03/1956; BStU, ZA, office documents (in the future: DST) 100151st 5 See M.
Tantzscher: The extended wall. The cooperation of the security services of the Warsaw Pact countries in the prevention "of" Republic of flight, Dept. Education and Research at the Stasi, Series B, analysis and reports 1 / 98.
6 See Bernd iron box: The Central Coordination Group - the fight against evasion and moving (Anatomy of the State Security history. Structure methods. Stasi's Guide. Edited by Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Siegfried Suckut, Clemens full neck, Walter Sweet and Roger Engelmann, Part III/17); BStU, Berlin 1995th
7 See The organizational structure of the Ministry of State Security in 1989 (Ministry for State Security Manual, V / 1), BStU 1995th
8 The content of this presentation cooperation agreements and the practical aspects of cooperation beyond the scope of the article. Representative shall be referred to some examples.
9 See Bodo Wegmann / Moniika Tantzscher: SOUD. The intelligence network of the Eastern Alliance Data Systems, Department of Education and Research at the Stasi, Series B 1/96.f analysis and reporting.
10 BStU, ZA, Div X 78th bundle
11 With various Eastern bloc countries were agreements on cooperation in issues of control post was closed. In the "Minutes of the meeting of the representatives of the KFS in MR of the USSR and the GDR, the Stasi on questions of cooperation between the departments M (PK)" from 30.03.1965, for example, both sides committed themselves, "in the event of detection of suspicious letters and items to register the main characters to take control of their correspondence in time from the other side about actual facts and to determine common issues of further measures ";. BStU, ZA, SDM 423, BL-76 et seq
12 See Bailey / Kondraschow / Murphey: The Invisible Front (Note 3)
13 See "Agreement on the Maintenance of officers of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR for coordination and liaison with the Stasi of East Germany from 30.10.1959, signed by the authorized representative of the Minister Mielke and KFS for coordination and liaison with the Stasi and the GDR MdI, Major-General A. Korotkov, Stasi, ZA, SDM 423, p. 8 ff
14 See "On the group of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR to the coordination and liaison with the Stasi of East Germany, Stasi, ZA, SDM 423, f. 13 ff 15
BStU, ZA, SDM 423, f. 182 ff
16 BStU, ZA, ZAIG 5627 a, page 1 ff
17 This is a translation, as a signatory to Major-General WA Ivanov will head the management of the special divisions of the Kfs of the USSR in the GSSD, Lieutenant-General G. Kratsch, Director of the Department II of the Stasi, and Lieutenant-General WT Shumilov, Head of Delegation of the Kfs of the USSR in the Stasi of East Germany, called ; BStU, ZA, Div X, bundle 176 (o.Pag.).
18 See "Plan on cooperation between the Department XX of the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the V. Administration of the State Security Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the period 1986-1990," draft, nd, Signatories: Major General Kienberg and Lieutenant General Abramov, Stasi, ZA, Div X, bundle 176 (o. Pag.)
19 In 'operational area' understand the Stasi, the Federal Republic of Germany and other Western countries as targets of the Enlightenment and political influence.
20 additional protocol "agreement on cooperation between the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the State Security Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of 6 December 1973 "on cooperation in science and technology and operational and technical areas; BStU, ZA, Div X, bundle 2 (o. Pag.).
21 See "Protocol on Cooperation between the Council of State Security of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic "(draft); BStU, ZA, Div X 247, f. 240 ff
22 See" Overview of the Interior Ministry Socialist Republic of Vietnam "(undated). Stasi, ZA, Department X, bundle 188 (o.Pag.)
23 See John O. Koehler: Stasi. The untold story of the East German secret police, Colorado / Oxford 1999, p. 297 ff
24 Ibid. P. 298
25 See Markus Wolf: chief spy in the secret war, Munich 1997, p. 361 ff
26 »Office of the Deputy. the Minister, Comrade Lieutenant General Wolf, the central leadership seminar from 1-3. March 1971 "; BStU, ZA, DSt 102 212, Bl 5th
27 supra note 16
28 BStU ZA, DST (unsigned).
29 BStU, ZA, DSt 102,675th
30 See "Development and struggle of the communist movement in Asia and Africa", published by the Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the SED, Berlin 1980, p. 79-80.
31 See Hans-Joachim Doering, "is" It's about our existence. The policy derDDR towards the developing world the example of Mozambique and Ethiopia, Berlin 1999, p. 224 ff
32 In a product coming from the HV A "report on the consultations with the minint Cuba on the issue 'cooperation with friendly security agencies (Africa) and support them ', "from 10.28.1987, the African presence in Cuba in 11 Countries named; BStU, ZA, Department X, bundle 180 (o. Pag.). See also Astrid of Borcke: KGB. The power in the background, Neuhausen-Stuttgart 1987, p. 80 ff
33 BStU, ZA, Department X 107, f. 153 ff
34 See Henning von Löwis of Monar: in "The East and Africa," The Foreign Relations of the GDR ', edited by Gernot Gutmann and Maria Haendcke-Hoppe, Heidelberg 1981st See also Ilona Schleicher between heart's desire and political calculus. East German solidarity with the liberation struggle in southern Africa. Approach to a heritage, Berlin 1998. 35 See
HVA / III / AG, 'cooperation with national security agencies "liberated countries and national liberation movements and their support, December 7, 1985;. BStU, ZA, Div X No 93, f. 14 ff
36 Ibid, fol 200th
37 By formation of the Office of National Security of the different leader, William Damm on 6/12/1989 from the service. In connection with the decision of the Ministers of the GDR, 14.12.1989 on the formation of an intelligence service and a constitutional protection of the last GDR were planning to unite the now reduced to about 30 employees with a legal department of Legal / inputs in the future Office of Constitutional Protection.
Tantzscher Monika, born 1942, studied Slavic studies in Leipzig and worked from 1968 to 1991 as a publishing editor, translator and editor of Russian Literature in East Berlin. Since 1992 employee of the Department of Education and Research at the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi files. - Publications include: "Measure" Danube "and use" recovery. The crushing of the Prague Spring 1968/69 as reflected in the Stasi files, Stasi, Berlin 1994, "What is happening in Poland, is a vital question for the GDR," The Stasi and the Polish crisis in 1980/81, Frankfurt am Main, 1995;! SOUD . The intelligence network of the Eastern Alliance Data Systems (Co-author Bodo Wegmann), Stasi, Berlin 1996, the Stasi and the "cafe-Cheka." About the intelligence relationships of the GDR to the People's Republic of Hungary, Horch and Look, Issue 27 (3 / 1999), S.48ff;. This a day so beautiful ... A football match and its consequences, 32ff in Horch and Look, Issue 31 (3 / 2000), pp.
Horch and Look
Issue 33/2001
Monika Tantzschner
The Stasi and their secret brethren
The international intelligence cooperation between the Stasi
The former socialist community was held together by "fraternal parties", "fraternal armies" and "brother organs." As the latter cooperated with each other and for what purposes, would still be many years largely in the dark, it would not have the unique event in history where the opening of the archives of a secret service immediately after its resolution. The reconstruction of the structures and functioning of the State Security Service of the GDR by its archives, however, is a laborious Process, many files, including all sub-stocks were destroyed, others fell to the usual practice for the victims of Cassation. Particularly thorough was run in the final phase of the Stasi or the Office for National Security (AfNS) the elimination of files and working papers on international intelligence cooperation. The head of the management center of the Stasi to coordinate the cooperation of the Ministry for State Security Service units with other security services, Willi dam, had the earlier arrangements made of the Stasi and the redefinition of AfNS of Cassation also destroy archived file footage of his department X on the ground that it contained incriminating information about the "brother organs" 1 Based on the remaining file inventory to below the structure and tasks of this department X and proposes a conception of rules and characteristics of the cooperation of the Stasi with the secret services of the former Eastern Bloc countries and with the security services of other countries and so-called liberation movements are taught with a socialist orientation.
The establishment of the International Liaison Department of the Stasi
on the College's meeting of the State Secretariat for State Security (SfS) on 9 November 1955 proposed General Lieutenant Mielke in major structural changes and staff redeployment - probably in connection with an on 24 November completed Transformation of the State Secretariat for State Security Ministry of State Security - before, the work areas and exit, people's democratic countries and working extract of third countries for the Department II, responsible for counterintelligence, protection of the East German diplomatic missions, maintenance of operational groups, etc. in foreign countries. 2 On 1
March 1956, just before convening the first conference of the security services of the Eastern bloc in Moskau3 was called the X Division to life. "Everything that concerns the people's democratic countries," it said in establishing command, "is about to lead this department. A direct connection is made with equivalent Services of the people's democratic countries without the consent of the leadership of the Ministry of State Security will be permissible. "4 
The commissioners Captain William dam was transferred. The department was under 1 Deputy Minister, then Erich Mielke, who was to retain this direct subordination to the end of his term. In 1956, the service unit had only nine full-time employees. Branches in the district administrations of the Stasi were not established.
Until the early 70s was the X Division, based in the Norman Road, Building 2, not divided into separate sections. The different tasks were performed by working groups the so-called officers of Special Affairs subordinate. The challenges of the 70s The commissioners Captain William dam was transferred. The department was under 1 Deputy Minister, then Erich Mielke, who was to retain this direct subordination to the end of his term. In 1956, the service unit had only nine full-time employees. Branches in the district administrations of the Stasi were not established. Through the integration process within the socialist camp and the gradual opening to the West in the 70s grew the importance of the department. In 1971 the "Comprehensive Program for the further deepening and improvement of cooperation and development of socialist integration of member countries of the CMEA was decided." This resulted in the Stasi to strengthen the security of the national economy and of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Department responsible XVIII - technical in response to the increased exchange of scientists, Personnel and other personnel - for the establishment of staff of the security services in the member countries.
In January 1972 the passport and introduced visa-free travel to and from Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the same year made 12.4 million East German citizens and 11.2 million people from Czechoslovakia and Poland from the use of travel facilities. Thousands of Polish citizens were based on an intergovernmental agreement as guest workers in the GDR. Thus in the Stasi, in cooperation with the Ministries of Home Affairs of the People's Republic of Poland and Czechoslovakia, where the security agencies were affiliated with peripheral functions of the "politically-operative security" of the Border traffic as well as the residence of citizens in the countries connected. This mainly concerned the opportunity to contact members of Western states and Western diplomatic missions, but also with opposition parties in the other Eastern Bloc countries.
developed for a further emphasis to the prevention of "Republic of flight" on the western borders of Hungary, Czechoslovakia and on Bulgarien5 what 1976 on establishing a Central Coordination Group (CCT) in the Ministry and the Bezirkskoordinierungsgruppen6 and to expand the Stasi operative groups in the other Eastern Bloc countries led.
in the framework of detente contracts as the four-sided Agreement on West Berlin from 03.09.1971, the agreement on the transit of civilian persons and goods between the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin from 17.12.1971 and the agreement on the facilitation and improvement of the travel and visitor traffic to West Berlin from 20.12 .1971 applied for the Stasi ever-increasing responsibilities.
as 1970 was from the formed then in the Stasi headquarters established working group backup of Tourism, the Department of passport control / customs department and the Department of Travel / Tourism, the Department VI (RA VI) with corresponding departments at district level, which has become one of the largest operating units of the Ministry for State Security Service to develop sollte.7 other Eastern bloc countries, it played during the counter-intelligence (HA II) and the Foreign Intelligence (HV A) a major role.
any future steps towards normalization of relations between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany and in 1972 completed the Basic Treaty, which included the recognition of the UN human rights declarations, created for the Stasi new fields. With the international recognition but also the improved working conditions, as the East German diplomatic missions could be used around the world as a legally covered Residentur the Stasi. In the Helsinki Final Act of Helsinki in 1975 also committed the Eastern Bloc countries to respect the fundamental human rights, to the now called a growing opposition movement in these countries. To meet the new challenges to have the cooperation of the Eastern security services has been reinforced. Of these, the memoranda of the Stasi testify with the security services of the Soviet Union (1973), Poland (1974), Bulgaria (1974), Czechoslovakia (1977) and Hungary (1981) and numerous agreements Fachbereichsebene.8
addition to bilateral cooperation won the multilateral cooperation in importance as the new movement by groups and individuals was used, which were under secret service surveillance. In 1977, the GDR, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Cuba, Czechoslovakia and Mongolia, the "Agreement on the system of unified collection of information about the enemy," The information network called SOUD.9 findings together led to hostile intelligence agencies and persons and institutions, of which an alleged threat to Homeland Security ran out. 
A regular multilateral cooperation with friendly intelligence agencies also developed in the defending regular backup of military maneuvers by the Warsaw Pact countries in major international events in the control of cross-border traffic, including the international civil aviation in the counterterrorism and in the fight against internal opposition.
the increased requirements also had to take account of the X Division, which formed four units in 1973. That they nevertheless remained a small service unit, is due to their character as the focal to perceive any operational tasks had. 1980 ordered the department X over 35 Planstellen.10 A regular multilateral cooperation with friendly intelligence agencies also developed in the defending regular backup of military maneuvers by the Warsaw Pact countries in major international events in the control of cross-border traffic, including the international civil aviation in the counterterrorism and in the fight against internal opposition. structure and remit of the Department X
The function of the Department of X set was as coordinator intelligence cooperation in various memoranda and other documents concerning the rules of cooperation of the Stasi with the security services of other countries. It was for - in addition to the Central Intelligence (HV A) - the lead in the preparation of annual work plans of the service, consultations and other meetings that have been designed with the cooperation partners. Accordingly, the confirmed she had plans to provide for the preparation and conduct of meetings in conjunction with the participating service units of the Ministry. Planning and preparation for work at ministerial level or at the level of deputy ministers and multi-national consultations took place involved in cooperation with the Central Evaluation and Information Group of the Ministry for State Security (ZAIG) and other service units.
Unit 1 for international calls had the friend from foreign security services to the Stasi-related inquiries, requests, Orders, information and edit information, etc.. It had to ensure coordination and coordinating the interaction between service units of the Stasi with other security agencies in the preparation and holding of consultations, meetings and operational joint operations. Some departments such as the HA II (counterintelligence), HA IX (research institutions) and the Department N (news) had their own departments for Interantional compounds that have been supported by the geographical desks of Unit 1 of the X Division. Direct labor relations were also among the most important central storage of the Stasi, where the security services requested by the other reviews were made to people and situations.
Unit 2 was responsible for operational storage management and evaluation. In conjunction with the ZAIG and other concerned units, it had to provide service under the Data Network SOUD for the information flow to and from the security organs of the party and the pooling of interested service units. Other tasks were the archiving of materials and topics, registration and the provision of information in memory.
Unit 3 had to do next said mediatorial work for the units 1 and 4 (protocol tasks) translation services at the executive level of the Ministry. The employees were at work as interpreters meeting operational and operational and technical service units, at conferences, in court, in support of delegations, working visits abroad, etc. used in the tourist exchange.
Among the ongoing translation of written texts including official information material, the X Division received for example from the interior ministries of other Eastern bloc countries and then forwarded to the appropriate departments and the management of the MFS. To translate information materials also were political - such as knowledge of the Enlightenment - in the framework of bilateral agreements were replaced with other intelligence agencies. Sun supplied the security services of the partner countries regularly with the Stasi assessments on domestic and foreign policy issues and military activities in neighboring regions or countries. Cuba reported, for example, about the countries of Central and South America and the United States, Mongolia, China, etc. In addition to the translation of information and the evaluation of foreign-language newspapers and magazines had the paper forwarded by the geographical desks foreign-language copies of letters to obtain "operationally significant findings" 11, information and control to look for other security services to translate messages, etc..
Employees for protocol duties of Unit 4 were for the organizational and technical planning, preparation and implementation of actions and events under the cooperation of the Stasi with the other security services in charge. Specifically, this included the preparation and implementation of working visits at the central level and the support of other service units of the Stasi in the preparation and reception of work groups or individual representatives of the other security organs at the department level. This included, the protocol functions at events in the management area, in connection with public and social "highlights" as well as personal anniversaries senior member of the friendly security organs. In their Competence were also the preparation and implementation of foreign missions and vacations for delegations and individual visitors and the organization of training and capacity building for members of allied security services. The unit also had the financial standards for the stay of delegations to the Stasi, and vice versa, the Stasi security services and work out with friends to take care of the material and technical aspects of the foreign-operative groups in the territory of the GDR.
Division X was indeed the overall responsibility for all processes of cooperation with other security services, their coordination extended but only partially the ongoing operational work of individual departments. Thus, the X Division in cooperation of the companies of other countries Stasi operative groups with local security services had not inserted when it came to routine activities such as audits in operating stores or in work and action plans agreed actions. The coordination of activities between the Stasi operative groups ran in the other Eastern Bloc countries and the operational service units of the Stasi in East Germany - for example when processing "operating instructions" for East German citizens - not the department X, but on the operational groups Department responsible for counterintelligence II. The introduction of certain measures with the other security agencies such as the use of operational and technical resources, observations, investigations, arrests, specific Vorkommnisuntersuchungen however, had to be carried on the X Division.
In the Central Intelligence (HV A) authorized security officers took the coordinating role in the ongoing operational work. The X Division was involved when it came to matters of principle, to organizational and technical coordination between the Ministry for State Security and other intelligence agencies and the planning and implementation of consultative meeting. Also took over the X Division organizational tasks of mission, they arranged the transfer of information HV A service to other units of the Ministry for State Security or Stasi operating abroad supplied the service units with necessary information.
Outside the Stasi used the department X work contacts, especially the Ministry of National Defense (here especially management education, management, International Relations, Legal Department and border troops), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (HA Consular Affairs, HA laws and contracts), for Ministry of Home Affairs (Foreign Relations) to the Ministry of Transportation, the Customs Service of the GDR, the Ministry of Justice (Department of International Relations) and the Ministry of Education.
to Special role of the Soviet Union in the intelligence cooperation
The intensive integration of the Stasi and the Soviet secret service had many causes and was in the interests of both sides. Due to the geopolitical situation and the specifically German-German combination, the language requirements and various contact information, was the East German secret service, particularly the HV A and the military intelligence service or the GRU (VA) in the East German Ministry of Defense, the Soviet security service the most important cooperative partner in international espionage and in carrying out operational activities in Western countries.
Soviet liaison officers, the for intelligence cooperation with the Ministry for State Security and the Ministry of the Interior (MdI) of the GDR were responsible for their coordination work performed regardless of the X Division of the Ministry. About a liaison officer but was a continuous cycle of contact with the department X. There were also representatives of the Soviet Militärabwehr.12
The group of Soviet liaison officers was in 1958 as agreed from 32 members: the director, his deputy, 15 liaison officers for the districts, 4 officers for education, 2 for examination and 9 for defense services. Besides working with the Stasi called five Soviet Konsultanten.13 The main tasks of the cooperation Additional Protocol to the agreement include: the development of "joint measures to detect and prevent the plans and intentions opponent of which are directed against the GDR and the USSR", the cooperation of the education institutions in the surgical treatment of the "most important objects in West Germany and other capitalist countries ", the" exchange of political, economic, military and technical-scientific information "about these countries," joint action to exercise a favorable for the socialist camp's influence in the Federal Republic, to the compromise of individual especially active and dangerous persons who the enemy Activities against the USSR and East lead "and the" joint processing of GDR citizens of a hostile activities are suspicious, "and the" implementation of active measures against hostile intelligence services and anti-Soviet emigre organizations in West Germany and West Berlin was "14 Included in the agreement and the support of the Soviet military defense of the Western Group of Soviet armed forces (GSSD) in Germany.
Where the Treaty of 1959 mentioned tasks are found mainly in the "Agreement on Cooperation between the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics "from 06.12.1973, signed by Mielke and the then chairman of the KFS, Yuri Andropov, wieder.15
Both documents will be emphasized in the preamble that cooperation in accordance with decisions of the CPSU Central Committee and the SED is, however, is new in 1973 supposedly peace-making role of the two intelligence agencies on the European continent. Indeed, Article II as well as the urgent task of the common foreign espionage is "a direct preparation for the opponent to military aggression against the countries of the socialist community in time and discover the possible use of new types of weapons be seen by the enemy. "
In the" Protocol on the treatment of the interaction between the Ministry of State Security of the GDR and the representation of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR Ministry of State Security, East Germany from the year 197 616, the responsibility of the partners - cooperation at management level right through liaison officers or heads of service units - modified.
-employed were contacts with all major operating units of service in the Ministry and the district administrations. In the solution of education and defense tasks in the west, in the treatment of employees of the Military Liaison Missions the USA, Britain and France, which were accredited to the headquarters of the Western Group of Soviet armed forces, and in the implementation of defensive measures to protect the Soviet military units could also be used East German citizens.
partners in the field of military intelligence and defense were in addition to the HV A and HA I (especially the acting at the army border troops' operational groups enlightenment "), the HA II, which include a man originally from the 1986" perspective plan of work for the cooperation to manage the departments of the USSR in the Kfs GSSD with the Department II of the East German Stasi in the fight against military espionage "17 testimony.
As another example of such cooperation agreements at line level, which defined the subject-specific cooperation and priority receive assignments for a specified period - usually between 1-5 years - named have had at this point probably the final perspective plan of the Department of XX and the V. Administration of KfS18 mentioned, divided into areas »Processing subversive and other surgically important ideological centers and organizations of the enemy, and certain anti-socialist elements in the operational area" 19, "Combating the political-ideological diversion of the enemy" by taking advantage of clerical organizations, " fight internal enemy forces "and" political-operative work on defense with important international events and organizations. " To what extent particular
further pursued by the Soviet secret service in the face of the incipient reform movement at that time under Gorbachev made the priority tasks on the ideological front, remains subject to future research. That the cooperation "of both" Brother organs irreversibly until the dissolution of the Stasi / AfNS ran on, occupies one found on an additional protocol to the Comprehensive Agreement between the Stasi and KFS from 27.10.1989, the result of discussions between Lieutenant General Schwanitz, the Deputy Minister and later Head of AfNS, and Colonel General Jechomow entstand.20 The preamble is rated "the level reached in the long term, all-round cooperation and firm" high and named the "new demands on the further expansion and deepening of cooperation." Still seemed the alliance, which should still exist only a few weeks, created for eternity.
special case
Romania Romania playing in the intelligence cooperation between the Warsaw Pact countries an outsider. As the only Eastern bloc country Romania not allowed use of Stasi-operative groups on its territory. The cooperation between the two security services should be in 1971 in a first be sanctioned for 6 years temporary agreement. The minutes of the contractors involved the cooperation between the Ministry for State Security and the Council of State Security of SRR on the lines, external and internal intelligence, defense, technology and operational executives and Ausbildung.21 An effective date of the agreement may yet be detected. Also found no direct cooperation between the investigative bodies of the security services - such as border violators from East Germany who were trying to Romania and Yugoslavia to reach the West - takes place. Results of the HV A spy was channeled through a legally covered Residentur in Bucharest on the X Division. For more information about and from Romania The Stasi was the X Division of the Department of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR from the field of outbound tourism from the HA VI of the Stasi and various other unofficial sources.
the Stasi as a "development workers"
In the communist-oriented countries in the developing world has the Stasi distinguished himself on the side of the Soviet leadership power primarily as a "development workers". In these countries it was less about intelligence cooperation and more about building or upgrading of safety and security agencies to strengthen the pro-Communist rule.
International support services of the Stasi penetrated to the 50 Zurück.22 years after the revolution in Cuba and the signing of a mutual assistance pact with the Soviet Union on 13 Mielke posted in February 1960, the first HV-A officers to Havanna.23 support pro-Communist movements in Latin America went off the Stasi in the mid 60s in Nicaragua continues, where in after the Sandinistas took power in July 1979, 60-80 Stasi officers Managua have been stationed sollen.24
to focus on the commitment of the Ministry for State Security in the Third World, however, developed the African continent where for the first time a non-socialist country, on 12 January 1964 proclaimed the People's Republic of Zanzibar, the GDR diplomatically recognized and explained this with a series of requests for assistance verband.25 1971, the Chief the foreign spy, Markus Wolf, on a leadership seminar that with the growing international authority of the GDR and the expansion of international relations and the obligations to help the revolutionary forces zunähmen.26 Cooperation with the Soviet security service in this area was part of the basic agreement between the MFS and KFS in 1973, which simply stated in Article V: "Both sides will work together over the question of providing assistance to the national security forces of friendly developing countries closely and coordinate their actions," 27 The dominant role of the Soviet Committee for State Security. need not here be emphasized. The order was later included in Directive No. 2 / 79 of the HV A integriert.28 The deployment of consultants, trainers, and operational and technical specialists to "help in building and strengthening of protection and security organs of young progressive nation-state was" in the Instructions No. 2 / 80 of the HV A geregelt.29
Until 1979 the GDR had completed 52 intergovernmental agreements and treaties with developing countries, including long-term agreements on friendship and cooperation with Angola, Mocambik, Ethiopia and Yemen. Over 900 experts from the GDR at this stage were deployed there. Erich Honecker traveled at the head of party and state delegation in the same year, Libya, Angola, Zambia, Mocambik, Ethiopia, Yemen and met with representatives of the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) of Namibia, the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe and the African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa zusammen.30 The Stasi had "next to his duties as" aid workers and for the safety of the people from East Germany and the safeguarding of the production make the major projects that are built with the support of the GDR in some African countries sollten.31
from the Stasi files is also including the cooperative action of other members of the socialist community in supporting and build the security forces in the Third World apparent. In addition to the KFS joined the Cuban intelligence minint, though even a developing country belonging to and dependent on material and technical support - also on the part of the Stasi - as activists, in particular on the African continent in Erscheinung.32 However, should the commitment of the other allies of the Soviet bloc rather have been modest.
Included in various relief efforts in the developing countries - so build the police and the military hierarchy - were also the Ministry of National Defence (MfNV) and the Ministry of Interior of the GDR (MDI), where the Stasi took often the role of coordinator. Between 1966 and 1989 can
be detected so far support the Stasi or industrial relations with the security organs of Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, South Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Congo, Ethiopia, Mocambik, Zambia, Tanzania, Angola, Nicaragua, Grenada and Cape Verde. This will include clear from a statement of the Finance Department, the expenditure for the GDR's State Security Service implemented "solidarity and support 1966-1984 with a total estimated over 248 million marks of the GDR and 430 500 Currency Mark werden.33 Our primary concern here South Yemen with around 94 million dollars, followed by Vietnam with 48 million and Tanzania with over 22 million. Also listed the "Palestinian liberation movements, which have been awarded more than 8 million East German marks.
Among the preferred liberation movements besides the Rhodesian ZAPU, the South West African People's Organisation of Namibia (SWAPO) and the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), which maintained since 1978 in East Berlin as official representatives and the Solidarity Committee of the GDR accredited waren.34 your support from the Stasi was primarily the training of leadership cadres of the security services, in military training and arms supplies.
In so-called annual and biennial protocols established the specific projects. It was as a rule to build and the instructions of the security services through the deployment of Stasi consultants and specialists, to conduct consultations and training courses and material supplies. Part of this work schedules were besides the exchange of political and operational information and the conditions for the stationing of representatives and operational groups. However, these compounds also used the Stasi order to create such as in neighboring regions with the help of the new collaborative partner espionage bases.
took part in operational activities of the friendly security forces are not the Stasi consultants and specialists in the rule.
An annual review of the central administration of education cooperation and support of the security organs of developing countries from 1985 mentions visits of the Minister of Safety of Mocambik and the head of the PLO security Mielke, and the reception of representatives of the security services of Mocambik, Angola, Yemen, Ethiopia, and by members of the security apparatus the PLO, the ANC and SWAPO by employees of the MfS.35 addition to the regular activities of the Stasi-operative groups and liaison officers in Mocambik, Yemen, Ethiopia, Angola and Tanzania are in the balance sheet, a number of extraordinary political, operational, military and technical courses for the charges of the Stasi and the long-term Training at civilian colleges and universities listed in the GDR. The department was responsible
X together with the service units involved in the relief of both MFS and other partners to draw up the plans for material and technical support for these security services and for organizational implementation. The primary responsibility for the coordination of cooperation, including consultations and courses, however, was in the Residentur in Western countries (except USA and West Germany) competent Division III of the HV A.
relations of the Stasi to the intelligence agencies of other states
An "official" collaboration with the security services were Western states it simply in terms of security measures for state visits or visits at the highest level. A contractual basis did not exist here.
Even with Yugoslavia was no regular intelligence cooperation. Like standing in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria in relation to Yugoslavia the problem of "escape from the Republic" and the "trafficking" for the GDR in the foreground. Since Yugoslavia was tied to the UN Refugee Convention, neither refugees nor smugglers were prosecuted, so that failed in this area of cooperation.
The Stasi agents overseas
The Stasi possessed in a number of Developing countries and in other Eastern Bloc countries - with the exception of Romania - have their own service units and operational groups (OG), which acted on the basis of intergovernmental agreements and were used according to their respective line or department level. In addition, were in the East German diplomatic missions full-time employees of the Stasi as so-called officers on special assignment (OibE) working with diplomatic status. These were the professional staff Security Officer (HSB) of the messages were part of the staff of the line I (counterintelligence), and the officers for security and control (OSK), mostly employees of the HV A. The latter sat as OibE in the East German embassies Romania, Albania and Cuba.
to developing countries where the Stasi operative groups were maintained, South Yemen, Ethiopia and Mocambik.
Instead of operative groups coordinated in some countries, officers of the Stasi connection with the status of an employee of the diplomatic representation of the GDR, the Stasi and the cooperation between the respective security services and were available for consultations and consultations. This was, for example, for Tanzania, Egypt, Angola, Cuba, Vietnam and Nicaragua. These liaison officers sometimes acted simultaneously as a full-time Security Officer of the Embassy.
had Unlike in the Soviet bloc, the Stasi-operative groups in the Developing countries primarily advisory and support functions at the local security services. Among them were the establishment of the security forces and the ongoing political-operative work.
The control and the protection of East German citizens in these countries, particularly in crisis areas, were also part of the task areas of activities of Stasi-operative groups in cooperation with local security forces. Here were also members of the National People's Army (NVA) of the GDR used.
The Stasi operative groups in the Eastern bloc countries were mainly through foreign employees of the Central Intelligence (HV A) and the lines II (counter-intelligence, control Messages, security of East German diplomatic missions, homeland security in the Ministry, together with the security organs of the host country, etc.), VI (passport control search operations at border crossings, security and international tourism and in particular the prevention of "Republic of flight") and XVIII (ensuring the economy and Comecon) represented. was
operative groups in the USSR in Moscow (headquarters), Leningrad and Kiev, (from the mid 80's headquarters) in the People's Republic of Hungary in Budapest (headquarters), Siófok, Balatonfüred and Kestenely, the People's Republic of Bulgaria in Sofia, Varna ( previously headquarters) and Burgas, in Poland in Warsaw (head office), Gdansk, Szeczin, Wroclaw and Katowice and in Czechoslovakia in Prague (Head Office), Bratislava and Karlovy Vary.
These service units operated on the basis of instructions and directives of the Minister, his deputies, heads of delegating service units and the Head of Department X. At regularly scheduled consultations, the current problems were fixed. They included mainly:
- the defensive work of the embassies (check the contacts of the conductor and the Embassy staff, monitoring of the recreational areas of secret sources, ensuring the protection of state and official secrets, control of foreign workers);
- the defending regular backup all other diplomatic missions in the GDR and cooperation with diplomatic missions and information gathering and ensuring operational measures (see, for example, were also carriers and correspondent offices);
- the instructions of the unofficial employee by enforcement officers;
- discharges operating control of persons (OPK) and operating procedures ( OV in) adequate notice;
- the determination of priority areas and operational priorities;
- the production of "sources" and the expansion of operational contacts in key areas of society;
- cooperation with the security of the country;
- the coordination of cooperation and coordination between the different lines of the Stasi;
- the material and technical and operational and technical guarantee.
The "political-operative competence" of the operative groups covered in the rest of all East Germans who stayed in the country.
The cooperation with the security services of the country was generally on the International Relations Department, or directly to the department level. For some measures, was the "headquarters" of the Stasi in Berlin on. Working principles were in addition to bilateral memoranda of understanding and protocols on the official regulations of the operative group and each of the confirmed plan of cooperation.
It is apparent from an "overview of the activities in the operative group Moscow Stasi employees" of 26 February 1986 that, the local Stasi Residentur with about 30 employees since 1954 existierte.36 This overview is also clear that, in addition the lead line II, the HVA and the lines XVIII and I (the control in the Soviet Union long used NVA members) with a permanent staff represented.
Because "the focus of the activities of the Stasi in countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia on the prevention of" Republic of flight, the safety of the travel and tourism in the GDR and securing the international cadre of travel agencies was, was there the HA VI, the most important lead line.
The Stasi service units in the other Eastern Bloc countries contributed a network of unofficial employees, which is recruited mainly from long-term or frequently abroad since end of East German citizens or East German citizens who had their permanent residence there. In coordination with the Department of X were also citizens of the host country to be recruited as an unofficial employee. Similarly, a temporary transfer of the unofficial sources to the other security organs was possible. The arrangements were covered by a contract between the countries.
The other security services maintained their operational groups abroad. most represented in the GDR were in the 80 years the People's Republic of Poland with five to seven full-time staff and up to four specialists in military defense. The operational group of Czechoslovakia in Berlin in this period included four to six permanent employees, Hungary had 2:00 to 5:00 and Bulgaria three or four full-time employees.
there were the operative groups of North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and Cuba. Their activity was in accordance with previous findings, particularly in ensuring the security and control of their diplomatic missions and their citizens, who were in the GDR.
conclusion from the above said, the networking the formerly allied intelligence agencies clearly far beyond the borders of the Eastern community beyond. The Stasi was - not least because of the existential dependency of the GDR by the Soviet leadership of power and the other Eastern Bloc countries - one of the strongest links in this community "secret brothers."
Division X of the Stasi, the 1989 has 46 full-time employees, was one of the intersections of international Zusammenarbeit.37 your service function that was highlighted here a little closer, but gives an idea of the working principles and the problems in the cooperation of allied security services not, however, from practical implementation. This was the operational service units of the Stasi - primarily in the areas of foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and surveillance of cross-border tourism - responsible.
three major complexes are emerging in the cooperation: First, the foreign espionage in the Western alliance system, focusing on military intelligence and execution of "active measures" to political influence - in this case there was a particularly close cooperation between the Stasi and Soviet intelligence. Second, the intelligence co-operation within our own system of alliances to consolidate the power relations that Surveillance of citizens and Western diplomatic missions. And third, the expansion of spheres of influence of the former Eastern Bloc countries in the Third World.
The exploration of this large complex issues - from the perspective of the Allies - is still pending.
1 See Section XII / archives: "Aktennotz to talk with Comrade Eysold, liaison officer of the department X of the ANS Division XII" of 30/11/1989, Stasi, Central Archives (henceforth ZA), Department XII 167 Bl 1st
2 »Protocol on 9 21st November 1955 carried out College meeting of 11 November 1955 "; BStU, ZA, Secretariat of the Minister (Henceforth SDM) 1550, f. 100 ff
3 See George Bailey / Sergei A. Kondraschow / David E. Murphy: The Invisible Front. The war of intelligence services in a divided Berlin, Berlin 1997, p. 379ff.
4 See Order No. 87/56 of the Ministry of State Security of 01/03/1956; BStU, ZA, office documents (in the future: DST) 100151st 5 See M.
Tantzscher: The extended wall. The cooperation of the security services of the Warsaw Pact countries in the prevention "of" Republic of flight, Dept. Education and Research at the Stasi, Series B, analysis and reports 1 / 98.
6 See Bernd iron box: The Central Coordination Group - the fight against evasion and moving (Anatomy of the State Security history. Structure methods. Stasi's Guide. Edited by Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Siegfried Suckut, Clemens full neck, Walter Sweet and Roger Engelmann, Part III/17); BStU, Berlin 1995th
7 See The organizational structure of the Ministry of State Security in 1989 (Ministry for State Security Manual, V / 1), BStU 1995th
8 The content of this presentation cooperation agreements and the practical aspects of cooperation beyond the scope of the article. Representative shall be referred to some examples.
9 See Bodo Wegmann / Moniika Tantzscher: SOUD. The intelligence network of the Eastern Alliance Data Systems, Department of Education and Research at the Stasi, Series B 1/96.f analysis and reporting.
10 BStU, ZA, Div X 78th bundle
11 With various Eastern bloc countries were agreements on cooperation in issues of control post was closed. In the "Minutes of the meeting of the representatives of the KFS in MR of the USSR and the GDR, the Stasi on questions of cooperation between the departments M (PK)" from 30.03.1965, for example, both sides committed themselves, "in the event of detection of suspicious letters and items to register the main characters to take control of their correspondence in time from the other side about actual facts and to determine common issues of further measures ";. BStU, ZA, SDM 423, BL-76 et seq
12 See Bailey / Kondraschow / Murphey: The Invisible Front (Note 3)
13 See "Agreement on the Maintenance of officers of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR for coordination and liaison with the Stasi of East Germany from 30.10.1959, signed by the authorized representative of the Minister Mielke and KFS for coordination and liaison with the Stasi and the GDR MdI, Major-General A. Korotkov, Stasi, ZA, SDM 423, p. 8 ff
14 See "On the group of the Committee for State Security Council of Ministers of the USSR to the coordination and liaison with the Stasi of East Germany, Stasi, ZA, SDM 423, f. 13 ff 15
BStU, ZA, SDM 423, f. 182 ff
16 BStU, ZA, ZAIG 5627 a, page 1 ff
17 This is a translation, as a signatory to Major-General WA Ivanov will head the management of the special divisions of the Kfs of the USSR in the GSSD, Lieutenant-General G. Kratsch, Director of the Department II of the Stasi, and Lieutenant-General WT Shumilov, Head of Delegation of the Kfs of the USSR in the Stasi of East Germany, called ; BStU, ZA, Div X, bundle 176 (o.Pag.).
18 See "Plan on cooperation between the Department XX of the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the V. Administration of the State Security Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the period 1986-1990," draft, nd, Signatories: Major General Kienberg and Lieutenant General Abramov, Stasi, ZA, Div X, bundle 176 (o. Pag.)
19 In 'operational area' understand the Stasi, the Federal Republic of Germany and other Western countries as targets of the Enlightenment and political influence.
20 additional protocol "agreement on cooperation between the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic and the State Security Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of 6 December 1973 "on cooperation in science and technology and operational and technical areas; BStU, ZA, Div X, bundle 2 (o. Pag.).
21 See "Protocol on Cooperation between the Council of State Security of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic "(draft); BStU, ZA, Div X 247, f. 240 ff
22 See" Overview of the Interior Ministry Socialist Republic of Vietnam "(undated). Stasi, ZA, Department X, bundle 188 (o.Pag.)
23 See John O. Koehler: Stasi. The untold story of the East German secret police, Colorado / Oxford 1999, p. 297 ff
24 Ibid. P. 298
25 See Markus Wolf: chief spy in the secret war, Munich 1997, p. 361 ff
26 »Office of the Deputy. the Minister, Comrade Lieutenant General Wolf, the central leadership seminar from 1-3. March 1971 "; BStU, ZA, DSt 102 212, Bl 5th
27 supra note 16
28 BStU ZA, DST (unsigned).
29 BStU, ZA, DSt 102,675th
30 See "Development and struggle of the communist movement in Asia and Africa", published by the Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the SED, Berlin 1980, p. 79-80.
31 See Hans-Joachim Doering, "is" It's about our existence. The policy derDDR towards the developing world the example of Mozambique and Ethiopia, Berlin 1999, p. 224 ff
32 In a product coming from the HV A "report on the consultations with the minint Cuba on the issue 'cooperation with friendly security agencies (Africa) and support them ', "from 10.28.1987, the African presence in Cuba in 11 Countries named; BStU, ZA, Department X, bundle 180 (o. Pag.). See also Astrid of Borcke: KGB. The power in the background, Neuhausen-Stuttgart 1987, p. 80 ff
33 BStU, ZA, Department X 107, f. 153 ff
34 See Henning von Löwis of Monar: in "The East and Africa," The Foreign Relations of the GDR ', edited by Gernot Gutmann and Maria Haendcke-Hoppe, Heidelberg 1981st See also Ilona Schleicher between heart's desire and political calculus. East German solidarity with the liberation struggle in southern Africa. Approach to a heritage, Berlin 1998. 35 See
HVA / III / AG, 'cooperation with national security agencies "liberated countries and national liberation movements and their support, December 7, 1985;. BStU, ZA, Div X No 93, f. 14 ff
36 Ibid, fol 200th
37 By formation of the Office of National Security of the different leader, William Damm on 6/12/1989 from the service. In connection with the decision of the Ministers of the GDR, 14.12.1989 on the formation of an intelligence service and a constitutional protection of the last GDR were planning to unite the now reduced to about 30 employees with a legal department of Legal / inputs in the future Office of Constitutional Protection.
Tantzscher Monika, born 1942, studied Slavic studies in Leipzig and worked from 1968 to 1991 as a publishing editor, translator and editor of Russian Literature in East Berlin. Since 1992 employee of the Department of Education and Research at the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi files. - Publications include: "Measure" Danube "and use" recovery. The crushing of the Prague Spring 1968/69 as reflected in the Stasi files, Stasi, Berlin 1994, "What is happening in Poland, is a vital question for the GDR," The Stasi and the Polish crisis in 1980/81, Frankfurt am Main, 1995;! SOUD . The intelligence network of the Eastern Alliance Data Systems (Co-author Bodo Wegmann), Stasi, Berlin 1996, the Stasi and the "cafe-Cheka." About the intelligence relationships of the GDR to the People's Republic of Hungary, Horch and Look, Issue 27 (3 / 1999), S.48ff;. This a day so beautiful ... A football match and its consequences, 32ff in Horch and Look, Issue 31 (3 / 2000), pp.
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